BRL: Braille through Remote Learning

Specialized Codes Course

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  • Signs of Comparison
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  • REPRESENTATION OF ARROWS

    General Principles: A figure in the form of an arrow is represented by braille symbols suggesting the ink-print shape. In representing arrows, the appropriate arrowhead and arrow shaft must be selected from the following list.

    Arrowheads
    Left Full Barbed 2-4-6
    Left Lower Barbed 62-4-6
    Left Upper Barbed 42-4-6
    Right Full Barbed 1-3-5
    Right Lower Barbed 61-3-5
    Right Upper Barbed 41-3-5
    Left Full Blunted 1-2-3-4-5-6
    Left Lower Blunted 61-2-3-4-5-6
    Left Upper Blunted 41-2-3-4-5-6
    Right Full Blunted 1-2-3-4-5-6
    Right Lower Blunted 6 1-2-3-4-5-6
    Right Upper Blunted 41-2-3-4-5-6
    Left Full Curved 1-2-3-4-6
    Left Lower Curved 61-2-3-4-6
    Left Upper Curved 41-2-3-4-6
    Right Full Curved 1-3-4-5-6
    Right Lower Curved 61-3-4-5-6
    Right Upper Curved 41-3-4-5-6
    Left Full Straight 1-2-5-6
    Left Lower Straight 61-2-5-6
    Left Upper Straight 41-2-5-6
    Right Full Straight 1-2-5-6
    Right Lower Straight 61-2-5-6
    Right Upper Straight 41-2-5-6

    Arrow Shafts
    Ordinary Length Single 2-52-5
    Ordinary Length Double 2-3-5-6 2-3-5-6
    Short Single 2-5
    Short Double 2-3-5-6
    Long Single 2-5 2-5 2-5
    Long Double 2-3-5-6 2-3-5-6 2-3-5-6
    Curved 2-6 3-5
    Dashed --- 2-5 2-5  2-5
    Dotted 22 2
    Wavy 3-5 2-5 2-6

    Construction of Arrows: In general, arrows should be transcribed in the order in which their symbols appear.

    a. Shape Indicator:1-2-4-6
    The shape indicator must be used before an arrow symbol.

    b. Arrowheads: An arrowhead may be barbed, blunted, straight, or curved and may occur at the left, at the rightr, or at both ends of an arrow shaft. An arrowhead may also appear with only its upper or lower portion.

    c. Arrow Shafts: The length of an arrowshaft is indicated by the number of times the braille arrow shaft symbol is used. One braille symbol represents a short shaft, two symbols represent the ordinary shaft length, and three or more symbols are used to indicate a longer shaft.

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    d. Arrows With Dotted Ends: Arrows may also be represented by a shaft preceeded or followed by a solid dot  1-6 or by a hollow dot 4-6 1-6.

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    Arrow Directions: Arrow directions are represented by the use or non use of direction indicators.When required, the appropriate direction indicator must immediately follow the shape indicator.

    1. Horizontal Arrow Directions: Direction indicators are not required with a horizontal arrow which points left, right, or both left and right.

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    2. Vertical Arrow Directions: Vertical arrows require the following direction indicators:

      Directly-Over Indicator  1-2-6

      Directly-Under Indicator1-4-6

      The directly-over indicator must be used before a two headed vertical arrow pointing up and down, or before a one headed vertical arrow pointing up only.

      The directly-under indicator must be used before a one-headed arrow pointing down.

      When a vertical arrow has only one arrowhead, the symbol for the right-arrowhead must be used.

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    3. Slanted Arrow Directions: Slanted arrows require the following direction indicators:

      Superscript Indicator 4-5

      Subscript Indicator 5-6

      The superscript indicator must be used to show that a one-headed left or right-slanted arrow points upward. The subscript indictor mustbe used to show that a one-headed left- or right-slanted arrow points downward.

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      When a slanted arrow has two arrowheads, the superscript indicator is used when the left arrowhead points upward; the subscript indicator is used when the left arrowhead points downward.

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    4. Curved Arrow Directions: Direction indicators are not required with curved arrows. The direction of curvature is shown by a left- or right-arrowhead. A curved shaft followed by a right arrowhead represents a counterclockwise arrow; a curved shaft preceeded by a left arrowhead represents a clockwise arrow.

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      Boldface Arrows: When an arrow is printed in boldface type, the boldface typeform indicator   4-5-6 must be placed before the arrowhead or arrow shaft at the beginning of the arrow symbol. When both the boldface type-form indicator and a direction indicator are required, the boldfaced type-form indicator must follow the direction indicator.

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      Spacing and Punctuation With Arrows: Arrows are considered signs of comparison and must be spaced and punctuated accordingly.







      Contracted Form of Right Pointing Arrow: 1-2-4-6 1-3-5

      The contracted form for a right-pointing arrow must be used when a right-pointing arrow with a full barb and a single shaft of ordinary length occurs by itself in regular type. All other right-pointing arrows always require the use of all appropriate symbols.










    Developed by
    Shodor logoThe Shodor Education Foundation, Inc.
    in cooperation with the
    North Carolina Central University
    and the Governor Morehead School for the Blind

    Copyright © 1998