BRL: Braille through Remote Learning
Braille Reference Desk
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English Braille, American Edition 1994
Braille Formats
Chemistry 1997
Music 1997
Nemeth Mathematics 1972
Reference Sheets
Summary of Rules
- General Rules
- Alternative Contractions
- Single Letter
- And, for, of, the, with
- Child, shall, this, which, out, still
- Part-word
- Whole-word lower: his, was, were, be, in, enough
- Rules for lower sign
- Part-word lower sign
- Whole-word lower: to, into, by
- Double-letter: bb,cc,dd,ff,gg, ea
- Initial letter
- Final letter and short form words
Contractions List
Braille contractions
Typical Problem words
Interactive Resources:
Contraction Lookup
Contact developers
Copyright © 1996, 1997,1998,1999, 2000 The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc., All
rights reserved.
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10. Whole-Word Lower-Sign Contractions to, into,and by
- Are subject to the rules for lower-sign contractions.
- Should be unspaced from the word, contraction, or composition sign that follows.
(to)(go) |
(into)t(ow)n |
(by)m(ea)ns (of) |
(to)(en)joy |
(into)(this) |
(by)(and) l(ar)ge |
1 (to)10 |
(into)2 (part)s |
5 (by)5 |
(The) book (you) ref9er) (to)has be(en) lo(st). |
He (was) pass(ed) (by)(wh)ile o(the)rs (were) tak(en). |
(BY)(THE) OLD MISS(OU)RI |
J(OU)RNEY (INTO)(AM(ER)ICA |
- When there is not space at the end of a line for one of these contractions and the word by should be written out and the in contraction should be used in the word into.
- May never be followed unspaced by any whole-word lower-sign contraction.
(to)be |
(into)his room |
(by) his (mother) |
- May never be used as parts of words or to form hyphenated compound words.
t(ow)(ar)d |
well-to-(d0) |
(in)tonate |
(in)t0-(ever)y(th)(ing)-guy |
byway |
by-(and)-by |
- May be preceded but never followed by punctuation.
"(To)my (knowledge), )it) did (not) (go) by." |
Did (you) (go) to, (in)to, or (by)(it)? |
Yes--(by)all m(ea)ns! |
- May be preceded and/or followed by the capital sign and/or the italic sign.
(To)(Ch)icago |
(Into)New York |
(By)George |
(to)pret(en)d |
(into)no(where) |
(by)(com)put(er) |
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