BRL: Braille through Remote Learning
Braille Reference Desk
Main BRL page
BANA publications
English Braille, American Edition 1994
Braille Formats
Chemistry 1997
Music 1997
Nemeth Mathematics 1972
Reference Sheets
Summary of Rules
- General Rules
- Alternative Contractions
- Single Letter
- And, for, of, the, with
- Child, shall, this, which, out, still
- Part-word
- Whole-word lower: his, was, were, be, in, enough
- Rules for lower sign
- Part-word lower sign
- Whole-word lower: to, into, by
- Double-letter: bb,cc,dd,ff,gg, ea
- Initial letter
- Final letter and short form words
Contractions List
Braille contractions
Typical Problem words
Interactive Resources:
Contraction Lookup
Contact developers
Copyright © 1996, 1997,1998,1999, 2000 The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc., All
rights reserved.
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2. Choice between Alternative Contractions
- Preference is given to the contraction that saves the most space.
me(and)(er) not M(ea)nd(er) | (th)(ence) not (the)nce |
(one)(ness) not on(en)ess | bub(ble) not bu(bb)le |
(with)(er) not wi(the)r | n(ation) not na(tion) |
- Contractions and, for, of, the, and with are used in preference to any other contractions unless more space would be used.
e(ar)(the)n not e(ar)(th)(en) | bro(the)r not bro(th)(er) |
ba(the)d not ba(th)(ed) |
- One-cell contractions are usd in preference to two-cell contractions.
adh(er)(en)t not ad(here)nt | (st)on(ed) not (st)(one)d |
prison(er) not pris(one)r | (sh)ad(ow) not s(had)(ow) |
ha(dd)ock not (had)dock | phon(ed) not ph(one)d |
Exceptions: the ence contraction is used before the letters d and r.
(com)m(ence)d not (com)m(en)c(ed) | f(ence)r not f(en)c(er) |
- Any one-cell contraction is used in preference to the double-letter or ea contractions.
sac(ch)(ar)(in)e not sa(cc)h(ar)(in)e | p(ed)dle not pe(dd)le |
(of)f(er) not o(ff)(er) | af(for)d not a(ff)ord |
hob(ble) not ho(bb)le | de(ar) not d(ea)r |
- Preference is given to the contraction that more nearly approximates correct pronunciation.
(wh)(er)(ever) not (where)v(er) | (wh)(er)e'(er) not (where)'(er) |
di(spirit)(ed) not (dis)pirit(ed) |
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